The following article aims to provide contemporary information on therapeutic nuclear medicine. Neuroblastoma is the most common MALIGNANCIES among PEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES. PEDIATRIC extra cranial solid cancer characterized by meta-iodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) avidity in=>90% of patients. There exists approximately a 30-year experience with I-131-MIBG treatment. Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are very rare neoplasms in the paediatric population accounting for<1% of all PEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES. These neoplasms are characterized by the presence of neuroamine uptake mechanisms and/or peptide receptors at the cell membrane. These features constitute the basis of the clinical use of peptide receptor In radionuclide therapy (PRRNT) using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues. Patients with chemoresistant CNS acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) require carniospinal radiotherapy which is assossiated with major toxicities including growth and learning disorders in young children. Radioimmunotherapy with I131-labeled anti-CD10 and anti-CD19 mAbs administered intrathechally is associated with clearing of the cerebrospinal fluid lymphoblasts. Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in children usually treated with chemotherapy and surgery. In palliative situations bone seeking radionuclide therapies (strontium-89 [Sr-89], rhenium-186 hydroxyethylene diphosphonate [Rh-186 HEDP] and Samarium-153-ethylene diamine tetramethylene phosphonic acid [Sm-153-EDTMP]) may be offered to patients with painful metastatic osteosarcoma or in case of recurrent bone sites inaccessible to local therapies (surgery, external irradiation). Thyroid cancer is a rare childhood malignancy but is the most frequent tumor of endocrine glands in children and adolescents. Management includes radioiodine therapy, but there are some distinct differences in comparison to adult thyroid cancer management.

Objective: Cryptosporidium parvum is a common protozoan pathogen with worldwide distribution. It localizes on the intestinal cells and prolonged diarrhea in immunocompromised patients. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and the clinical features of enteric cryptosporidiosis in PEDIATRIC patients with lymphohematopoietic MALIGNANCIES. Material & Methods: In this cross-sectional study stool samples were collected from 100 children (67 boys, 33girls) with lymphohematopoietic MALIGNANCIES who underwent chemotherapy between the ages of 6 months and 17 years (mean age 7.5 years). All of the specimens were examined for the oocysts of C. parvum by modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) staining technique and coproantigens of C. parvum by ELISA. Findings: Cryptosporidium infection was detected in 22 patients. 16 (72.7%) of the infected patients were male and 6 (27.3) female. 7 (31.8%) patients were <5 years, 8 (36.4%) 5-10 years and 7(31.8) >10 years old. Parasites were detected in 19/85 (86.4%) patients with ALL, 2 of 5 (9.1%) with AML, and 1 of 10 (4.5%) with NHL. Clinical symptoms were found in 11 (50%) of the patients. We found longer duration of chemotherapy in patients who were positive for cryptosporidium infection (Mean=2067 days) in comparison to negative group (Mean=258.5 days) (ANOVA, f=2.82, P=0.04).Conclusion: The incidence of cryptosporidium infection was 22% among PEDIATRIC patients with lymphohematopoietic MALIGNANCIES. We recommend evaluation of these patients with at least two different diagnostic methods in order to prevent possible life threatening outcomes.

Introduction: Although cancers occur rarely in children, they considered as the second cause of death in children under 14 years old.Cancers in children differ markedly from those in adults according their nature, distribution, and prognosis. Acute Lymphoblastic leukemia and lymphoma account about 40%, central nervous system tumors consist of 30% and embryonal MALIGNANCIES and sarcoma account for about another 10% of all PEDIATRIC cancers.Objective: Epidemiologic evaluation of PEDIATRIC causes of cancer who referred to 17 Sharivar hospital in Rasht during 2001-2007.Materials and Methods:  This descriptive cross- sectional study was carried out in 17 Sharivar hospital in Rasht from 2001-2007. All cases of PEDIATRIC cancers were included in this study. All information about the age, sex, type of cancers and residence of patients were collected from their medical records; 152 forms were completed and the data were analyzed by SPSS.Results: Among 152 patients with different types of malignancy there were 89 male (58.6%) and 63 female (41.4%). Ratio of male to female was 1.36 in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 0.71 in AML, 4 in non-hokin ulmphoma (NHL) , 0.33 in sarcoma. 1.6 in Wilms Tumor, 2 in Hodgkin disease, 5 in neuroblastoma 0.25 in soft tissue sarcoma and 0.5 in medulloblastoma.  The peak incidence of cancer was in the ages between 3 to 4 years. (11.2%) and lowest was in the ages of 14 to 15 years. (0.7%). ALL was the most common cancer 47.6%  and Langerhanse histiocytosis was the least common  one (0.7%). The prevalence of other MALIGNANCIES  were NHL 9.9%, Wilms Tumor 8.6%, AML 7.9% CNS Tumors5.9%. HD 5.9%. The majority of patients were inhabitance of Rasht (47.4%). Hashtpar 7.2%, Rudsar 5.9% Langrood 5.3% and Fouman 4.6% consisted the next four cities with high rates of PEDIATRIC cancers. Amlash and Siahkal had the lowest prevalence of patients (0.7%).Conclusion: In this study PEDIATRIC MALIGNANCIES were more prevalent in males and the other epidemiological characteristics were quite different from the other studies, It need further evaluation.

Background and Purpose: Today, with the development of critical patient care and the increase in intravascular invasive methods, the survival rate of patients diagnosed with hematological and solid organ MALIGNANCIES is increasing, and unfortunately, the incidence of Candida parapsilosis candidemia is also increasing due to multiple risk factors. In this study, we aimed to determine the clinical-demographic characteristics of C. parapsilosis candidemia and the antifungal susceptibility profile of C. parapsilosis in PEDIATRIC patients with hematological and solid organ MALIGNANCIES.Materials and Methods: The present study included PEDIATRIC patients with hematologic and solid organ MALIGNANCIES presenting with signs and symptoms consistent with candidemia, in whom C. parapsilosis was isolated from blood and catheter cultures between January 2010 and September 2024.Results: Thirty (65.2%) of the patients had hematologic and 16 (34.8%) had solid organ MALIGNANCIES. In all patients, 23 (50%) had non-catheter-related candidemia and 23 (50%) had catheter-related candidemia. At least one of the risk factors examined was detected in these patients. Catheter-related candidemia was found to be more common in patients diagnosed with hematologic malignancy. The difference was found to be statistically significant (p= 0.030). Drug resistance rates of C. parapsilosis were 6.5% for amphotericin B, 6.5% for fluconazole, 2.2% for voriconazole and 2.2% for micafungin. No patient with caspofungin resistance was detected. The mean treatment duration of the patients was 21 days (min 3-max 103) and it was observed that amphotericin B and caspofungin were used most frequently in the treatment regimen. The mortality rate of patients with candidemia was 6.5%.Conclusion: Our study showed that patients with hematologic MALIGNANCIES exhibited a higher susceptibility to catheter-related C. parapsilosis candidemia compared to patients with solid organ tumors. Caspofungin resistance was not detected in our study, and we believe that each center should know its own antifungal drug sensitivity, determine the treatment regimen accordingly, and that catheters should be removed rapidly in patients with catheter-related C. parapsilosis candidemia in malignant patients.

Malignances are most frequent causes of mortality in children aged 1-16 years. In an epidemiologic study, all cases of PEDIATRIC cancer (aged 1-16 years) registered by the Medical Universities in Iran are studied regarding the age, sex and type of malignancy. This study refers to the cancer diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed in 1996.Of the data received from 9 Provinces, a frequency of cancer in 420 children (58.3% male, 41.7% female) with a median age of 7.1 years was established. Hematologic MALIGNANCIES with 20% of all cases were the most frequently encountered censer types. The next cases consisted of brain (15%), lymph nodes (15%), bone (8%), Kidney (7%), ophthalmic (6%), and (5%) MALIGNANCIES.

Background: Tumor lysis syndrome (TLS) occurs when intracellular contents are released into the bloodstream, either spontaneously or following anticancer therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. This syndrome is characterized by hyperuricemia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, and hypocalcemia. Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence and outcomes of TLS in PEDIATRIC lymphohematopoietic MALIGNANCIES. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study reviewed the medical records of all patients diagnosed with lymphohematopoietic MALIGNANCIES and hospitalized at Ali Ibn Abi Talib Hospital, Zahedan, between October 2014 and March 2019. Patients meeting the diagnostic criteria for TLS were identified, and their demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were collected. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Results: The study included 93 children with a mean age of 6.65 ± 4.42 years; 66 (71%) were male, and 27 (29%) were female. Fourteen patients (15.1%) were diagnosed with laboratory TLS, and 5 (5.4%) with clinical TLS. The highest incidence of laboratory TLS was observed in patients with B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) (28.5% each). Among metabolic disturbances, hyperphosphatemia was the most common (33.3%), while hyperkalemia was the least common (8.6%). Overall, patients with TLS exhibited higher initial white blood cell (WBC) counts compared to non-TLS patients. Conclusions: This study revealed that laboratory TLS occurred in 15% of PEDIATRIC hematopoietic MALIGNANCIES, with more than 50% experiencing at least one metabolic disturbance. Prevention and timely intervention during treatment are crucial to reducing the occurrence of clinical TLS and improving patient outcomes.

Background: The scoring systems are helpful to monitor the PICU performance. One of the most important scoring systems is PRISM-III scoring system. Today PRISM score is used to evaluate the quality and quantity of the performance. The goal of this study was to show the prognosis of the patients admitted to Mofid PEDIATRIC intensive care unit (PICU) according to PRISM-III and PIM scoring systems.Materials and Methods: This study was a prospective descriptive one. Sampling method was sequentional and the sample size was 121 patients whom admitted to Mofid Hospital's PICU between Dec 2005 till May 2006. Results of PRISM-III scoring system were recorded in prepared sheets. Then, information transferred to computer for SPSS analysis. We used several statistical tests such as Chi square, t-test, Correlation and Regression, ANOVA, and Post-Hoc test.Results: Our study showed that 54% of patients were male and 46% were female and the most causes of admission to PICU were respiratory distress and central nervous system diseases, respectively. Sepsis was the main cause of death in PICU. The mortality rate was 33%. The mean PRISM-III score was 7.57 and this score had 80% of sensitivity and 75% of specificity to predict the mortality.Conclusion: According to ROC analysis the PRISM-III score has good predictive value in assessing the probability of mortality in Mofid's PICU and increase in PRISM-III score corresponds to the higher incidence of mortality.

Abdominal mass is one of the commonest clinical findings in children. The purpose of this study was to evaluate abdominal masses in different age groups in a referral children surgical center. We retrospectively reviewed records of 325 patients (57% boys, mean age 37.7 monts) admitted to Amir Kabir hospital in a period of 12 years for abdominal mass surgery. The 4 most common abdominal masses was Wilm's tumor(22.4%), abdominal lymphoma(13.5%), neuroblastoma (12.5%) and hydronephrosis (12.3% ).These masses composed 60% of abdominal masses and the remaining were: hydatid cyst of liver, ovarian masses, liver masses, choledochal cyst. mesentary and omental cyst, etc.This results were found to be similar with little differents to results of other centers.